一、主干提取技巧

1. 定位核心主谓宾

长难句的主干通常由主语、谓语和宾语构成。通过识别核心动词(谓语)确定主干,忽略修饰成分。例如:

> "The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from simple tasks to ones requiring mental abstraction.

主干:The benefits shine through(主语+谓语)。

2. 排除插入语和分隔结构

插入语(如 "for example")、同位语或破折号分隔的内容需暂时忽略:

> "A dirty stream, for example, became clear after flowing through plants and rocks where creatures lived.

主干:A dirty stream became clear(插入语 "for example" 不影响主干)。

3. 识别并列结构

并列连词(and, but, or)连接的成分需拆分,分别提取主干:

> "She writes as a business person rather than an academic, making the guide accessible and informative.

并列主干:She writes as a business person + the guide is accessible and informative。

二、结构划分方法

1. 连词引导分层

  • 从属连词(when, because, if)划分主从句,例如:
  • > "Since we use observational data to study species’ responses, I wanted to know: Are they usable?

    主句:I wanted to know... 从句:Since we use...(原因状语从句)。

  • 关系词(that, which, who)划分定语从句:
  • > "The kiosk that is lit up tells you can get stories.

    主句:The kiosk tells... 从句:that is lit up(修饰kiosk)。

    2. 拆分修饰成分

  • 介词短语(by, with, in)作状语或定语:
  • > "Using a dataset of 1.9 billion records, Daru tested how data represent patterns.

    主干:Daru tested... 修饰:Using...(方式状语)。

  • 非谓语动词(分词、不定式)作伴随或目的状语:
  • > "Looking back on photos, they are my best shots though they could be better.

    主干:They are my best shots 修饰:Looking back...(伴随状语)。

    3. 处理复杂从句嵌套

    多重复合句需逐层剥离:

    高考英语长难句主干提取与结构划分技巧解析

    > "Frost thinks kids don’t find being taught by machines strange as they grew up with technology.

    主句:Frost thinks... 宾语从句:kids don’t find... 原因状语从句:as they grew up...。

    三、真题示例解析

    例句(2024新课标I卷阅读理解D篇):

    > "These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens, and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?

    步骤解析

    1. 拆分连词:and连接两个并列句,since引导原因状语从句。

    2. 提取主干

  • 第一分句:These observations outnumber the primary data.
  • 第二分句:I wanted to know...
  • 3. 修饰成分

  • "that comes from specimens"(定语从句修饰data)
  • "how species are responding..."(宾语从句作investigate的宾语)。
  • 四、常见错误与规避

    1. 误将修饰语当主干:如将介词短语或从句中的动词误认为谓语。

    2. 忽略逻辑关系:未识别因果、转折等逻辑词(如so, but)导致理解偏差。

    3. 非谓语动词混淆:分词(-ing/-ed)与谓语动词形态相似时需注意时态和语态。

    五、高效训练建议

    1. 真题精析:每天分析3-5个高考真题长难句,标注主干和修饰成分。

    2. 意群阅读法:按语义单位(如主语、谓语、从句)分块阅读,提升速度。

    3. 工具辅助:使用语法分析工具(如Grammarly)验证结构划分。

    通过以上方法,考生可逐步掌握长难句的核心逻辑,提升阅读速度和准确率。练习时注意结合真题语境,强化对复杂结构的敏感度。